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Identification of Critical Infrastructure Elements: International and Domestic Experience
Khaustova V. Y., Trushkina N. V., Pronoza P. V.

Khaustova, Viktoriia Ye., Trushkina, Nataliia V., and Pronoza, Pаvlo V. (2025) “Identification of Critical Infrastructure Elements: International and Domestic Experience.” Business Inform 8:47–71.
https://doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2025-8-47-71

Section: Economic Theory

Article is written in Ukrainian
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Abstract:
The article provides a comprehensive study of theoretical and methodological approaches, as well as practical mechanisms for identifying critical infrastructure facilities in both international and national contexts. The relevance of the topic is driven by the expanding range of hybrid threats, the transformation of the international security environment, and the need to establish a resilient national security architecture for Ukraine under martial law. The authors contend that identifying critical facilities and creating a national registry is a complex task due to the diversity of infrastructure elements, their large scale, and the multidimensional nature of their characteristics. This necessitates the application of a scientifically grounded methodology, an interdisciplinary approach, and systematic updating of the information base. The aim of the study is to synthesize international experience and analyze Ukrainian practices for identifying critical infrastructure assets, determining their categorization and sectoral classification in light of current challenges. The methodological framework includes systemic and comparative analysis, structural-logical generalization, risk-oriented and modeling approaches, as well as the analysis of the EU, NATO, and Ukrainian legal and regulatory acts. The work examines key foreign models: the French model (institutional-organizational, based on the concept of «vital operators»), the British model (sectoral-hierarchical with multi-level criticality assessment), the Dutch model (process-oriented), the German model (integrating technical and socioeconomic components), and the Israeli model (multidimensional, combining cultural-symbolic, functional-economic, and system-structural dimensions). Particular attention is given to the European regulatory framework, represented by Council Directive 2008/114/EC, Directive (EU) 2022/2557, and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2450, which define the modern system of criteria for identifying and categorizing critical infrastructure, including at the cross-border level. The scientific value lies in the substantiation of the classification of Ukraine’s critical infrastructure sectors into four blocks – economic, social, security, and managerial. This systematization allows for the integration of the national protection system into European and international practices, facilitates cross-sectoral analysis of risks and vulnerabilities, creates conditions for conducting LMDI and PSS analyses of the impact of individual sectors on the State resilience, and for developing national security indicators aligned with global standards. Furthermore, the unification of terminology and approaches strengthens the capacity to attract international technical and financial assistance. The summary shows that the Ukrainian model largely mirrors the approaches of the EU and NATO, while also maintaining unique features. First, there is an expanded detailing of the economic sector (notably the inclusion of the agro-industrial complex, the State reserve, and energy engineering). Second, the institutionalization of the electoral process as an element of critical infrastructure, which is almost absent in the EU and NATO classifications. At the same time, international models place greater emphasis on governance continuity and strategic communications, which are only partially integrated into the Ukrainian administrative framework. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of using the studied approaches to refine the national legal and regulatory framework, develop comprehensive criticality indicators, improve risk management mechanisms, and harmonize the Ukrainian system with international standards. In the long term, this will facilitate the development of a more resilient, adaptive, and integrated critical infrastructure system, capable of ensuring the continuity of essential societal functions and countering contemporary multidimensional threats.

Keywords: critical infrastructure, critical infrastructure sectors, critical infrastructure facilities, level of criticality, identification, categorization, classification, systematization, regulatory framework, risk-based approach, threats, State policy, European integration, foreign experience, national security, protection, resilience, robustness.

Fig.: 2. Tabl.: 9. Bibl.: 45.

Khaustova Viktoriia Ye. – Doctor of Sciences (Economics), Professor, Director, Research Centre for Industrial Problems of Development of NAS of Ukraine (2 floor 1-a Inzhenernyi Ln., Kharkiv, 61166, Ukraine)
Email: [email protected]
Trushkina Nataliia V. – Candidate of Sciences (Economics), Senior Research Fellow, Sector of Industrial Policy and Innovative Development of the Department of Industrial Policy and Energy Security, Research Centre for Industrial Problems of Development of NAS of Ukraine (2 floor 1-a Inzhenernyi Ln., Kharkiv, 61166, Ukraine)
Email: [email protected]
Pronoza Pаvlo V. – Doctor of Sciences (Economics), Professor, Professor, Department of Finance and Credit, Simon Kuznets Kharkiv National University of Economics (9a Nauky Ave., Kharkiv, 61166, Ukraine)
Email: [email protected]

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